行きます ＆ 帰ります"to go" & "to return"
Ikimasu, "to go", and kaerimasu, "to return", are verbs. These verbs come at the end of a sentence and conjugate to indicate the present tense or the past tense as well as the affirmative form or the negative form.
In Japanese, there are two tenses, past and non-past. Since there is no future tense in Japanese, the non-past tense is used for both habitual actions and the future tense.
| Affirmative | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| non-past | 行きます | 行きません |
| Past | 行きました | 行きませんでした |
| Non-Past Affirmative | Non-Past Negative | Past Affirmative | Past Negative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| go | 行きます | 行きません | 行きました | 行きませんでした |
| return | 帰ります | 帰りません | 帰りました | 帰りませんでした |
(place)に 行きます
The place you are going to or coming to is indicated by the particle ni or e, which means "to".
At Coscom, we use ni in our learning materials. The particle ni is an indirect object marker. This particle follows an indirect object such as direction of an action or a purpose of going or coming.
The subject is often omitted if it is obvious without mentioning it; "time" or "place" can also be omitted if it is obvious without mentioning it. When you omit "place" you must also omit the particle ni.
| person | は | time | place | に | 行きます／帰ります |
電車で 行きます"to go by train"
The particle de expresses a means or a method, for example, densha de "by train", kuruma de "by car". When asking "how", the word dooyatte is commonly used.
There is an exception, however: "on foot / by walking" is aruite or aruite ikimasu meaning "go on foot".
| 電車で | by train | 自転車で | by bicycle |
| 地下鉄で | by subway | 飛行機で | by plane |
| 車で | by car | 歩いて | on foot, by walking |