コーヒーを ください
Kudasai literally means "please give me". This is commonly used when ordering a dish or a drink, or when buying something at a store. Koohii o kudasai means "May I have (a cup of) coffee, please?". O is a particle which follows the object in a sentence and therefore is called the object marker.
| object | を | (number) | ください |
| a. | これを ください |
| I'll take this, please. / May I have this, please? |
| b. | コーヒーを ふたつ ください。 |
| May I have two (cups of) coffee, please? |
ひとつ、ふたつ、みっつ"one, two, three"
There are two numerical systems in the Japanese language. The ichi, ni, san system which is introduced in Elementary Japanese Lesson 4, and the hitotsu, futatsu, mittsu system are shown here.
The ichi-system is used with counters such as -ji which indicates the time.
The hitotsu-system is used independently without counters.
The hitotsu-system goes up to 10 and cannot be used for counting people, time or money.
| Ichi-system | Hitotsu-system | ||
| 1 | いち | 1 | ひとつ（一つ） |
| 2 | に | 2 | ふたつ（ニつ） |
| 3 | さん | 3 | みっつ（三つ） |
| 4 | し、よん | 4 | よっつ（四つ） |
| 5 | ご | 5 | いつつ（五つ） |
| 6 | ろく | 6 | むっつ（六つ） |
| 7 | しち、なな | 7 | ななつ（七つ） |
| 8 | はち | 8 | やっつ（八つ） |
| 9 | きゅう | 9 | ここのつ（九つ） |
| 10 | じゅう | 10 | とう（十） |
Number counters - Numeral
In the Japanese language, there are (too) many counters depending on the type of object.
For instance, the counter for "chair" is kyaku; "one chair, two chairs": ikkyaku, ni-kyaku. The counter for "cuttlefish" is pai / hai / bai; "one cuttlefish, two cuttlefishes, three cuttlefishes": ippai, ni-hai, san-bai;.
Even Japanese people do not know all the counters used in Japanese. So, the counters often provide questions for quiz shows on TV.
You can use the hitotsu-system without bothering with different counters for different objects, except for people, time and money.
Here are some important counters which are commonly used in daily conversation.
| yen | bottles cylinder | cups glasses | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | １円（いちえん） | １本（いっぽん） | １杯（いっぱい） |
| 2 | ２円（にえん） | ２本（にほん） | ２杯（にはい） |
| 3 | ３円（さんえん） | ３本（さんぼん） | ３杯（さんばい） |
| 4 | ４円（よえん） | ４本（よんほん） | ４杯（よんはい） |
| 5 | ５円（ごえん） | ５本（ごほん） | ５杯（ごはい） |
| 6 | ６円（ろくえん） | ６円（ろっぽん） | ６杯（ろっぱい） |
| 7 | ７円（ななえん） | ７本（ななほん） | ７杯（ななはい） |
| 8 | ８円（はちえん） | ８本（はっぽん） | ８杯（はっぱい） |
| 9 | ９円（きゅうえん） | ９本（きゅうほん） | ９杯（きゅうはい） |
| 10 | 10円（じゅうえん） | 10本（じゅっぽん） | 10杯（じゅっぱい） |
| ? | いくら | 何本（なんぼん） | 何杯（なんばい） |
| paper | people | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | １枚（いちまい） | １人（ひとり） |
| 2 | ２枚（にまい） | ２人（ふたり） |
| 3 | ３枚（さんまい） | ３人（さんにん） |
| 4 | ４枚（よんまい） | ４人（よにん） |
| 5 | ５枚（ごまい） | ５人（ごにん） |
| 6 | ６枚（ろくまい） | ６人（ろくにん） |
| 7 | ７枚（ななまい） | ７人（しちにん／ななにん） |
| 8 | ８枚（はちまい） | ８人（はちにん） |
| 9 | ９枚（きゅうまい） | ９人（きゅうにん） |
| 10 | 10枚（じゅうまい） | 10人（じゅうにん） |
| ? | 何枚（なんまい） | 何人（なんにん） |
ありますか"Do you have?"
Arimasu indicates the existence of non-animated things. Arimasu also refers to "to have" and "to be at".
| Ａ | ： | アイスティーが ありますか。 |
| Ｂ | ： | はい、あります。 |
| A | : | Do you have iced tea? |
| B | : | Yes, we have. |
When catering staff and store staff say "Yes, we have" to their customers, they normally use gozaimasu, the honorific form of arimasu, although the meaning is the same.
空いていますか。
The verb aiteimasu means "to be available" or "to be open". Use this verb when asking if there are any tables available at a restaurant, any seats available on a train or any rooms available at a hotel.
また 来ます
The literal translation of this expression is "I will come again.". You walk in a store and see nothing you like but you don't want to offend the store staff by walking out without buying anything... So, you say to them Mata kimasu, "I will come again.".
と"and"
To means "and" in Japanese. To can be used between two nouns as in piza to pasuta "pizza and pasta". When you connect two sentences, soshite should be used.
少々 お待ち ください
This is a set phrase meaning "Just a moment, please". This is a polite expression and is often used to customers. Chotto matte kudasai is commonly used among friends or colleagues.
すいません vs. すみません"Excuse me"
Sumimasen means "Excuse me" or "I'm sorry". In daily conversation, people normally say suimasen and therefore, at Coscom, we also use suimasen in our materials.